ESL Learners Test Preparation

Its important to prepare well for big tests - especially for exams like the TOEFL, IELTS or Cambridge First Certificate (FCE). This guide will help you take steps towards doing your very best on the big day. Know Your Test First things first: Find out about the test! Reading test-specific preparation materials will help you understand your strengths and weaknesses on specific topic areas covered in the test. Understanding which types of problems are easiest and which are most difficult will help you develop a study plan for the test. While developing your plan, take note of grammar, vocabulary, listening, speaking and writing expectations. Also, take note of specific exercise types on your exam. Preparing for the TOEFLPreparing for the First Certificate ExamPreparing for the IELTS Practice, Practice, Practice Once you have established a study plan, youll need to do lots of practice. Practice begins with understanding the subjects that will be included in reading, writing and listening. If youre not taking a course, using advanced level resources at this site can help you study up and practice grammar, build vocabulary, as well as improve writing techniques and listening skills. Advanced Grammar ResourcesAdvanced Writing ResourcesAdvanced Vocabulary Resources Practice Specific Types of Test Problems So youve studied up on your grammar, writing, and vocabulary, now youll need to apply these skills to specific types of exercises you will find on your exam. There are a number of free and paid resources available on the Internet. Cambridge Exams Practice Materials Take Practice Tests After you have become familiar with the types of exercises on your test, youll want to practice taking the test as often as possible. For this purpose, the best thing to do is purchase one of the many books that provide practice tests for the TOEFL, IELTS or Cambridge Exams. Top TOEFL Study MaterialsTop First Certificate Study Materials Prepare Yourself - Test Taking Strategy Shortly before the big day, youll also want to spend some time developing specific test taking skills. These skills include strategies on multiple choice questions, timing, and other issues. Effective Test Taking Strategies Prepare Yourself - Understand the Test Structure When you understand the general techniques required to do well on a test, youll also want to study specific exercise techniques to help you develop a strategy for each type of question. These links focus on specific exercises that youll find on the Cambridges First Certificate Exam. However, these types of exercises are found on most of the major exams in one form or another.

The Conflict Between Good And Evil - 1426 Words

Notions of good and evil appear in every social sphere of influence and each serve an influential role in how humanity interacts within itself. Shakespearean works often rely on a wrongful act being corrected, a specific moral dilemma that often revolves around themes of death. Shakespeare’s tragedy ‘Hamlet’, akin to Macbeth in tragic scope, explores the idea of morality as well as how it impacts the lives of each character, but is Hamlet a play about the conflict between good and evil? Hamlet delves into the notions good and evil by focusing on the spheres of politics, personal relationships and religion. Claudius’ rise to power in Denmark, as well as how he chose to use his power and the end of his rule are depictions of political and†¦show more content†¦However, now that he knows that Hamlet is coming back from England, Claudius takes a different approach to the situation. He decides to tell Laertes that Hamlet killed his father and essentially goads Laertes into killing Hamlet for him. Closely related to Claudius’ manoeuvring is him sending Hamlet to England in the first place. â€Å"Our sovereign process; which imports at full, By letters conjuring to that effect, The present death of Hamlet.† (4.3, 64-66) Instead of dealing with the problem of Hamlet himself, Claudius lies to Hamlet about his going to England for safety: what Claudius actually intends is for Hamlet to be killed there. Ultimately, the immoral and unnatural acts committed by Claudius politically enable evil to infiltrate the lives and morals of the other characters, Hamlet in particular. Although Claudius actively worked against Hamlet, Hamlet himself was not immune to immoral behaviour. In fact, Hamlet has caused much undue hardship and even death to many of the characters, but he caused the most pain to Ophelia. Throughout their tempestuous relationship, Hamlet treated Ophelia poorly and even continued to do so once the relationship was over. â€Å"IShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Between Good And Evil Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pages Since the rise of storytelling, one of the most important themes has been the conflict between good and evil. Often, audiences could gauge whether a character was going to be virtuous or villainous based on their role in society. Princes, kings, knights, these were the â€Å"good† characters. Tax collectors, witches, and other scoundrels were quite obviously evil. In modern times, the public generally considers law enforcement officers to be on the side of righteousness. However, we expect charactersRead MoreGood vs. Evil Found in Beowulf807 Words   |  3 PagesGood vs. Evil Found in Beowulf In the story of Beowulf, there are many different themes found. Many people argue the main theme found in this story. This has been argued for a very long time and will go on for many more years to come. Although many themes in this story stick out and a main theme will never be accepted, one main theme is very noticeable in the story of Beowulf. The main theme found in Beowulf is good versus evil. Good versus evil is very easy to recognize. â€Å"Some peopleRead MoreGood Versus Evil in Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesGood vs. Evil Many years ago, Charles Darwin introduced a theory that we humans are a species which evolved from animals that have inhabited the Earth for many years, and he believed that we were civilized, intelligent, and logical life forms for these very reasons. In the novel, Lord of the Flies by William Golding there is a prominent theme of good versus evil which reveals that maybe humans are not the civilized human beings that they were said to be. William Golding carefully netted this themeRead MoreEssay Good Vs. Evil - Analytical Sentence Outline569 Words   |  3 Pages Theme: Good and Evil Create a SocietyParagraph 1:CENTRAL IDEA: Conflicts heavily arise between the two topics of good and evil. THESIS SENTENCE: Through common stories good and evil are portrayed through both protagonist and antagonist view, creating morals and opinions, and how societies views have changed over time. Paragraph 2:TOPIC SENTENCE: Common stories portray good and evil through both a protagonist and antagon ist view.Paragraph 3: TOPIC SENTENCE: Significant morals and opinions are shownRead MoreEssay about Critique of The Play Foxfire686 Words   |  3 Pageseventually must choose to either leave the home she had know for so many years to go live with her son and grandchildren or to stay there alone with Hector. I believe that the genre of this play was a mix between tragedy and melodrama. Although there were not exactly and conflicts of good versus evil, the story proved to be somewhat serious. They were rewarded in the end it seemed because everyone got what they wanted: Prince Carpenter was eventually able to buy the land, Dillard got his mother toRead More Conflict between Good and Evil in Bradstreet’s The Flesh and the Spirit1355 Words   |  6 PagesConflict between Good and Evil in Bradstreet’s The Flesh and the Spirit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      A colonial Puritan minister, Thomas Shepard, nicely summarized the paradox of the Puritan religion when he noted that â€Å"The greatest part of Christian grace lies in mourning the want of it.†Ã‚   Shepard suggests, in this passage, that good Christians should spend their days, indeed their entire lives, exploring and proclaiming their own depravity and sinfulness, their â€Å"want† of Christian grace.   Paradoxically, onlyRead MoreMacbeth as a Play About the Conflict Between Good and Evil Essay2248 Words   |  9 PagesPlay About the Conflict Between Good and Evil Macbeth is a tragedy, which addresses the inner conflict of peoples morality. Furthermore, it appears Shakespeares intention was to portray the modern day attitudes towards religion and the supernatural of his time. Indeed, the Elizabethan audience the play was written for would have been devout Christians, and would have had strict beliefs towards good and evil. The audience was genuinely afraid of evil, and it wasRead MoreGood And Evil : Dr. Faustus1228 Words   |  5 Pagestheme of good versus evil is one of the most apparent as well as one of the most important themes throughout the play. Good and evil are represented as a battle or struggle in many ways such as constantly battling over winning various individuals souls, the concept of God versus the Devil, and the idea of religion versus science. This war between good and evil creates both internal conflicts for Faustus along with the external conflict between Faustus and various characters. The struggle between goodRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf1190 Words   |  5 PagesIn the beginning all was good; there was no evil. The start of evil was marked when a jealous angel, Satan, desired equality to God. He thrust an ever-lasting battle into play when he battled God for supremacy. One-third of all the angels in heaven, including Satan, were thrown from heaven onto Earth. God’s perfect creation became faulted whe n the fallen angel, Satan, tempted Adam and Eve into eating a forbidden fruit. By partaking of the forbidden fruit, sin was born on Earth. The birthing of suchRead More John Steinbecks East of Eden - Good Versus Evil Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesGood Versus Evil in East of Eden    The idea of good versus evil is illustrated in several ways in John Steinbecks East of Eden. This is seen through the external conflicts in the novel, the internal conflicts of the characters, and a universal understanding of the battle between good and evil.    External conflicts between the main characters, Cathy and Adam, reflect the idea of good versus evil in their relationship. Cathy, who is much like Satan, creates a huge fight between Adam

Epidural Catheterization In Cardiac Surgery Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Introduction: Risk-benefit-ratio rating of extradural haematomas due to catheter arrangement in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is still controversial. The intent of this survey is to update to 2012 the per centum of catheter-related extradural haematoma hazard in cardiac surgery. Methods: Bracco and Hemmerling 2007 hazard appraisal was updated by seeking all reported instances of extradural arrangement for cardiac surgery, in web and in literature, from April 2007 to September 2012. We will write a custom essay sample on Epidural Catheterization In Cardiac Surgery Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hazards of other medical and non-medical activities were retrieved from recent reappraisals or national statistic studies. Consequences: Hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma is 1/5,493, with a 95 % CI of 1/970 to 1/31,114. It is similar to the hazard in the general surgery population of 1/6,628 ( 95 % CI 1/1,170 to 1/37,552 ) . Decisions: Hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma should be considered acceptable, since it is comparable to the hazard of deceasing in a auto accident, which is a jeopardy widely accepted. Its usage should be encouraged, because extradural improves recovery in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Introduction In cardiac surgery, the extradural anesthesia/analgesia technique has been performed for many old ages [ 1 ] ; however, its usage is frequently limited by the fright of increased hazard of extradural haematoma associated with anticoagulation therapy. The risk-benefit ratio of medical processs needs to be known in order to do the best pick in routinely clinical pattern. In peculiar, it is of import to better look into the hazard benefit-ratio of extradural catheter in cardiac surgery, since it is a controversial and strongly debated pattern. In a recent reappraisal [ 2 ] , Royse showed the benefits and hazards related to high pectoral extradural anaesthesia, and he concludes that amp ; acirc ; ˆ?epidural usage in cardiac surgery is no more unsafe than in non cardiac surgery A ; acirc ; ˆA? . Previously, Bracco and Hemmerling estimated hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma, seeking databases from 1966 to March 2007 [ 3 ] . The deliberate hazard was 1 extradural haematoma out of 12,000 extradural catheterisation reported in literature. The purpose of this survey is to update to 2012 the per centum of catheter-related extradural haematoma hazard in cardiac surgery. Method Medline, SciSearch Embase, Google and Google Scholar were searched to choose publications showing patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received extradural anesthesia/analgesia. The hunt standards were ( ( ( ( extradural anaesthesia ) OR extradural catheter ) OR locoregional anaesthesia ) OR extradural ) AND ( ( ( ( cardiac surgery ) OR coronary arteria beltway grafting ) OR aortal valve surgery ) OR mitral valve surgery ) . Databases were explored from April 2007 to September 2012. The compiled publication list includes: conference abstracts, randomized control tests, retrospective and prospective surveies, and meta-analysis. The figure of patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received extradural catheterisation was retrieved ; attending was paid to non number patients twice. After that, the entire figure of instances ( denominator ) was calculated summing instances from April 2007 to September 2012 with instances from 1966 to March 2007 ; the latters were already included in th e appraisal hazard done by Bracco and Hemmerling [ 3 ] . The numerator was calculated adding instances of extradural haematoma after extradural catheterisation in cardiac surgery, occurred from 1966 to 2012. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma was compared with several different hazards, such as: the hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in non cardiac surgery, the hazard of chest or prostate malignant neoplastic disease, and the hazard of route traffic hurt. The per centums of hazard used for comparing were extrapolated from big tests, meta-analysis or national statistics studies. As already done by Bracco and Hemmerling, the Wilson method [ 4 ] was used to cipher 95 % reversible assurance interval ( CI ) of a individual proportion. The comparing between 2 proportions was done utilizing the same method [ 5 ] . Consequence In 2012, the hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is 3 instances out of 16,477 patients, or 1/5,493, with a 95 % CI of 1/970 to 1/31,114. From April 2007 to 2012, around 4,477 patients having merely extradural or extradural plus GA and undergoing cardiac surgery were found. This population besides includes some paediatric patients. Kind of surgery and figure of patients are shown in table 1. We summed our consequences with the one estimated by Bracco and Hemmerling ; hence, the denominator is 16,477 ( 12,000 + 4,477 ) . Merely two instances of catheter-related extradural haematoma are described in literature from April 2007 to 2012. The first one occurred in 2010 and is reported by the UK Medical Protection Society [ 6 ] . A 70-year-old adult female had to undergo alteration surgery after 6 old ages since she received a ternary coronary arteria beltway. The twenty-four hours of surgery extradural catheter was placed without incident, and so GA was induced. The twenty-four hours after surgery, in the forenoon, the patient showed initial neurological symptoms, noticed by a nurse. However, her spinal column was examined through a CT scan merely hours subsequently, after neurological scrutiny revealed an intense motor and centripetal bilaterally block at the T6 degree. A big haematoma in the extradural infinite was clearly seeable ; hence, an exigency laminectomy and emptying of haematoma were performed. This patient remained paraplegic. The 2nd instance of catheter-related extradural haematoma happened in 2011 [ 7 ] . On the twenty-four hours of surgery, after GA initiation an extradural catheter was placed. The patient was a 55-year-old adult male scheduled for mitral valve replacing and tricuspid annulate plasty, who had stopped warfarin 7 yearss earlier surgery. Preoperative blood test revealed a normal curdling profile and normal thrombocyte count. A flaccid paraplegia appeared 16 hours after the terminal of surgery ; at that clip his curdling profile was altered and he had besides thrombocytopenia. An exigency magnetic resonance imagination showed an extradural haematoma at the T5-T6 degree, hence a laminectomy, within 6 hours since symptoms onset, was instantly performed to take the haematoma. This patient had a good overall recovery, and presented merely a little dysuria 6 months after laminectomy. Bracco and Hemmerling identified merely one instance of catheter-related extradural haematoma occurred in 1995 and subsequently reported in 2004 [ 8 ] ; hence, this instance adds up to the 2 antecedently described, so the numerator for the hazard assessment up to 2012 is represented by 3 instances. Several instances of neurological complications happening in patients with an extradural catheter placed for cardiac surgery are described in literature. Arora et Al. reported a instance of pneumocephalus after extradural anaesthesia [ 9 ] . The patient was a 68-year-old hypertensive, diabetic and corpulent male admitted for a coronary arteria beltway surgery ( CABG ) . He had a moderate clogging pneumonic disease, so extradural anaesthesia was proposed, obtaining informed consent. After uneventful extradural catheter interpolation, the trial dosage was administered ( 2ml of 2 % Lidocaine ) . Immediately, the patient reported a terrible concern, and so generalized tonic clonic ictuss developed. The patient gained consciousness 10 proceedingss subsequently, after ictuss were controlled. The magnetic resonance imagination showed air in the basal cisterns and subarachnoid infinites. The patient got a full recovery and underwent surgery 2 yearss subsequently. Writers concluded that the c omplications were due to the puncture of the dura mater. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is comparable to the hazard of extradural haematoma after regional techniques for general surgery [ 10, 11 ] . Volk et Al. estimated an incidence of spinal haematoma of 1: 6,628 in general surgical population, in Germany, from 2008 to 2009. We calculated a comparative hazard decrease of 17 % prefering general surgery ( non important ) . The US mortality for bosom disease ( deaths per population ) [ 12 ] is 10 times higher the hazard of extradural haematoma after extradural anesthesia/analgesia for cardiac surgery. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is 100 times lower than both the incidence of acute nephritic failure after CABG [ 13 ] , and the incidence of sternal lesion infection after CABG [ 14 ] . The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is besides a 1,000 times lower than the frequence of ordering mistakes in infirmaries ( errors/admissions ) [ 15 ] . Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with an extradural catheter in topographic point have a hazard to develop an extradural haematoma comparable to the hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease ( women/year ) or prostatic malignant neoplastic disease ( men/year ) [ 16 ] , and to the hazard of deceasing by accident ( deaths/population ) [ 17 ] [ Fig.1 ] . Discussion Knowing the hazard per centum related to medical processs is really of import in clinical pattern ; it permits to correctly measure the risk-benefit ratio and to explicate patients all is needed, in order to obtain an informed consent before executing processs. Two recent meta-analysis have shown, one time once more, that the usage of epidural over general anaesthesia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery improves recovery by diminishing: the incidence of acute nephritic failure, the incidence of postoperative supraventricular arrhythmias, the clip on mechanical airing and respiratory complications [ 18, 19 ] . Therefore, extradural anaesthesia is an of import intercession in the multimodal scheme that anesthesiologists actuate in order to vouch the best quality attention. Furthermore, wake up cardiac surgery is a new minimally invasive anaesthesia technique, and it is a cherished option for bad patients with terrible COPD ; because avoiding cannulation and mechanical airing is necessary to cut down the hazard of decease [ 20-25 ] . This survey demonstrates that the hazard of catheter related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is non zero, but it is a hazard that we consider to be acceptable, since it is comparable to the hazard of deceasing in a auto accident [ 26 ] , which is an jeopardy normally accepted [ Fig. 1 ] . Restrictions of the current hazard analysis are related to our determination of non sing differences among the surveies we used as beginning. Different times of catheter arrangement, different perioperative heparinization protocols and different puncture degrees are non taken into history. The increased hazard, compared to the 2007 appraisal by Bracco and Hemmerling, we believe is due to a lessening in the figure of instances we used to find the denominator, and non to a existent addition in instances of catheter-related extradural haematoma. We used as denominator the figure of patients who received an extradural catheterisation to undergo cardiac surgery. It is our sentiment, that the instances reported in literature in recent old ages are merely a little proportion of the figure of extradural catheter arrangement really performed. Furthermore, the attending paid to epidural-related jobs has increased over clip, and accordingly, the demand to describe incorrect events increased. In literature, instances of self-generated extradural haematoma without an extradural catheter after cardiac surgery are besides described. For case, Hayashi et Al. [ 27 ] reported about a 71-year-old adult females, who underwent mitral valve plasty with CPB. The surgery lasted around 4 hours uneventfully, and she was non antecedently treated with anticoagulant therapy neither with extradural. One hr after surgery, paraplegia was apparent, an extradural haematoma compacting spinal cord at the C7-T4 degree was revealed through magnetic resonance imagination. A conservative attack was chosen because the paraplegia was non progressive. The writers stated that the extradural haematoma etiology was non apparent. The adult female had good overall result. In decision, measuring the risk-benefit ratio of utilizing pectoral extradural anaesthesia in cardiac surgery should be easier, thank to this update hazard appraisal. How to cite Epidural Catheterization In Cardiac Surgery Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Music and Children free essay sample

Research has suggested that music, especially classical music, can have remarkable effects on their minds (Campbell). It has been monstrance that infants can even respond to music with adult-like capabilities, with the ability to discriminate between differences in free nuance, pitch, rhythm and tempo. Babies also respond to stimuli that deliver music as a reward (Can Classical). Research also suggests that classical music can have numerous positive effects on childrens development and health (Classical).For example, certain classical selections are shown to have a positive effect on the intellectual and creative development of infants and children in: increased verbal, emotional and spatial intelligence, improved incineration and memory, enhanced right-brain creative processes, and strengthened intuitive thinking skills (Babies). One such example of research began with the work of DRP. Francis Archer and DRP. Gordon L. Shaw from the University of California (Coif). A study done in 1993 revealed that college students scores improved on spatial-temporal reasoning tests after listening to Mozart. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Later in the asss, Earaches and Shaw performed two more studies. These studies indicated that after listening to Mozart, preschool children in Los Angels and in Wisconsin scored 34%-36% higher n spatial-temporal reasoning tests than children who received no instruction. Since these studies the term Mozart Effect has been the buzz phrase that wont disappear (Classical). Another study done in Ohio, using the 30 variations in J. S. Bachs Goldberg Variations, BOW 988, discovered that children of different ages were mostly consistent in identifying the emotion of the variation as excited, sad, calm, or happy.Even children without music education or background were able to pick out the emotions expressed by the music (Classical). These and many other studies encouraged renewed interest in classical music education and focused much deserved attention on the general field of childhood development (Coif). Books have been written, programs put into place and music products of all kinds have been sold in response to the latest research. In a book titled The Mozart Effect, Don Campbell (the author) attempts to associate the music of Mozart with an extended ability to learn, and improved health of body and spirit.He believes that The more stimulation that a child receives through music, movement and the arts, the more intelligent she or he will turn out (Mozart). Mead Johnson (the makers Of Inflame baby formula) launche d a program called Smart Symphonies, a national program designed to raise awareness of the benefits of exposing infants to classical music. This program features a specially created compact disc entitled Smart Symphonies, which features GRAMMAR-winning classical music such as Mozart Concerto for 2 Pianos, K. 365 (3rd Movement), Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No. (2nd Movement), and Mozart Wind Serenade, K. 361 (3rd Movement). These Cads are included in more than a million Inflame Diaper Bags given to new mothers as hey leave the hospital (l received one when I had my son in 1999). Furthermore, this program will contribute $3 million over the next three years to help establish the Smart Symphonies initiative, to further research the effects of classical music on brain development in early childhood, and to assist in bringing classical music to more families (Babies). The governor of Georgia (Cell Miller) founded another program, somewhat like Smart Symphonies, in 1998. This controversial program, labeled the Georgia Program, distributes the recording Build Your Babys Brain Power Through The Power of Music to 1 1 0,000 babies born in Georgia each year. Selections for this recording include works by Handel, Mozart and Vivaldi (Classical). As for the music products that are being sold to encourage the Mozart Effect, all one needs to do is walk into a childrens specialty store such as The Right Start. Movies, Cads and toys for infants and children using classical music as a selling point can be found in stores like these.For example, The Right Start sells movies called Baby Bach, Baby Beethoven, and Baby Mozart. I personally have never seen them, but I have friends ho swear their babies are mesmerisms by them!!! According to Kenneth Steele, an associate professor of psychology at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina, all this hype about classical music increasing the intelligence of its listeners is bogus. He feels that the Mozart Eff ect is pretty much on the wallet of the parents who are buying the Cads. There is no special effect on the baby. Neither his study nor a second study by Christopher F.Chaw brisk could replicate the results of the original 1 993 Mozart Effect study done by Earaches and Shaw. However, Earaches explains these allures based on the fact that they measured the effects of the classical music on general intelligence instead of on spatial-temporal abilities. Steele did another study, which indicated that passively listening to Mozart does not increase the ability to do well at general cognitive tasks, however, his new study furthered the theory that music, as an active process, increases certain cognitive functions (Mozart).These studies, as contradictory as they are, may cause parents to wonder if they are wasting their money on classical Cads, movies and toys for their children. Not to fear! Experts do agree on one thing. They agree, as do I, that a variety of music in a childs life, including classical music, can have very enriching benefits (Can Classical). For example, according to music therapists, certain tones, rhythms, and vibrations can help treat various medical and behavioral problems. Premature babies seem to thrive when relaxing music is played. It may also slow their heart rates and increase the amounts of formula and oxygen they take in.Any song with a soothing melody and steady rhythm can also calm a colicky or teething baby. Researchers also found that a group of kids with ADD, ages 7 to 1 7, after listening to three 40-minute recordings of classical music a week, were able to focus more on tasks while they listened. Rhythmic music can also help active children settle down or inattentive children attentive. Don Campbell, the author of The Mozart Effect, believes that rhythm is perceived differently by the brain, so kids are more attentive when you say things musically (Corded). Lastly, music can help improve the moods of children who are ill (Neuron).These benefits may not be obvious to many parents, but the effects of music on any adult are obvious. Think about how USIA affects you D how an upbeat tune fends off the blues and soft music helps you fall asleep. The effects with a baby are no different. Lullabies have a proven track record for soothing any infant (Rebelled). Every night, before lay my I-year-old son down to sleep, I sing to him the same two songs. He has learned that these are the songs I sing before bedtime. Not only does this help him to relax, it helps us to bond as mother and son. In my opinion, it is clear that music is extremely beneficial to children Of all ages.That is why parents should do their best to make music part of their childs life. There are many ways to do this. For example, make the stereo or a musical instrument the most important fixture in the house, instead of the television. Play music at bedtime. Sing to your baby. Let your child make his own music (Rebelled). As Don Campbell says, From the beginning, you can make use of happy nursery songs, rhythmic rocking, lively dances bounced on the knee, and quiet sessions with soft melodies (Nelson). The bottom line is this, music should be used less to create baby brains than simply to enrich infants lives (Nelson). Music and Children free essay sample The purpose of this paper is to explore the many different aspects of music and Its effects on Infants and children. I will also discuss how music can be beneficial to them and what parents can do to make music a part of their childrens lives. Research has been done for hundreds of years on the effects of classical music on children (Classical). As child is developing in the first few years of life, their brain Is essentially being wired and shaped by Its environment.Research has suggested that music, especially classical music, can have remarkable effects on their minds Campbell). It has been demonstrated that infants can even respond to music with adult-like capabilities, with the ability to discriminate between differences in frequency, pitch, rhythm and tempo. Babies also respond to stimuli that deliver music as a reward (Can Classical). Research also suggests that classical music can have numerous positive effects on childrens development and health (Classical). We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, certain classical selections are shown to have a positive effect on the intellectual and creative development of infants and children in: increased verbal, motional and spatial Intelligence, Improved concentration and memory, enhanced right-brain creative processes, and strengthened intuitive thinking skills (Babies). One such example of research began with the work of Dry. Francis Archer and Dry. Gordon L. Shaw from the University of California (Com. A study done in 1993 revealed that college students scores improved on spatial-temporal reasoning tests after listening to Mozart.Later in the asss, Earaches and Shaw performed two more studies. These studies indicated that after listening to Mozart, preschool children in Los Angles and in Wisconsin scored 34%-36% higher on spatial-temporal reasoning tests than children who received no Instruction. Since these studies the term Mozart Effect has been the buzz phrase that wont disappear (Classical). Another study done in Ohio, using the 30 variations in J. S. Bachs Goldberg Variations, BOW 988, discovered that children of different ages were mostly consistent in identifying the emotion of the variation as excited, sad, calm, or happy.Even children without music education or background were able to pick out the emotions expressed by the USIA (Classical). These and many other studies encouraged renewed interest in classical music education and focused much deserved attention on the general field of childhood development (Coif. Books have been written, programs put into place and music products of all kinds have been sold In response to the latest research. In a book titled The Mozart Effect, Don Campbell (the author) attempts to associate the music of Mozart with an extended ability to learn, and improved health of body and spirit.He believes that The more stimulation that a child receives through music, pavement and the arts, the more Intelligent she or he will turn out (Mozart). Mead Johnson (the makers of Inflame baby formula) launched a program called Smart Symphonies, a national program designed to raise awareness of the benefits of exposing infants to classical music. This program features a specially created compact disc entitled Smart Symphonies, which features GRAMMAR-willing classical music such as Mozart Concerto for 2 Pianos, K. 365 (3rd Movement Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 (2nd Movement and Mozart Wind Serenade, K. 61 1 OFF even to new mothers as they leave the hospital (l received one when I had my son in 999). Furthermore, this program will contribute $3 million over the next three years to help establish the Smart Symphonies initiative, to further research the effects of classical music on brain development in early childhood, and to assist in bringing classical music to more families (Babies). The governor of Georgia (Cell Miller) founded another program, somewhat like Smart Symphonies, in 1998. This controversial program, labeled the Georgia Program, distributes the recording BuildYour Babys Brain Power Through The Power of Music to 110,000 babies born in Georgia each year. Selections for this recording include works by Handel, Mozart and Vivaldi (Classical). As for the music products that are being sold to encourage the Mozart Effect, all one needs to do is walk into a childrens specialty store such as The Right Start. Movies, Cads and toys for infants and children using classical music as a selling point can be found in stores like these. For example, The Right Start sells movies called Baby Bach, Baby Beethoven, and Baby Mozart.I reasonably have never seen them, but I have friends who swear their babies are mesmerisms by them!!! According to Kenneth Steele, an associate professor of psychology at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina, all this hype about classical music increasing the intelligence of its listeners is bogus. He feels that the Mozart Effect is pretty much on the wallet of the parents who are buying the Cads. There is no special effect on the baby. Neither his study nor a second study by Christopher F. Chablis could replicate the results of the original 1993 Mozart Effect study done by Earaches and Shaw.However, Earaches explains these failures based on the fact that they measured the effects of the classical music on general intelligence instead of on spatial-temporal abilities. Steele did another study, which indicated that passively listening to Mozart does not increase the ability to do well at general cognitive tasks, however, his new study furthered the theory that music, as an active process, increases certain cognitive functions (Mozart). These studies, as contradictory as they are, may cause parents to wonder if they are wasting their money on classical Cads, movies and toys for their children.Not to fear! Experts do agree on one thing. They agree, as do l, that a variety of music in a childs life, including classical music, can have very enriching benefits (Can Classical). For example, according to music therapists, certain tones, rhythms, and vibrations can help treat various medical and behavioral problems. Premature babies seem to thrive when relaxing music is played. It may also slow their heart rates and increase the amounts of formula and oxygen they take in. Any song with a soothing melody and steady rhythm can also calm a colicky or teething baby.Researchers also found hat a group of kids with ADD, ages 7 to 17, after listening to three 40-minute recordings of classical music a week, were able to focus more on tasks while they listened. Rhythmic music can also help active children settle down or inattentive children attentive. Don Campbell, the author of The Mozart Effect, believes that rhythm is perceived differently by the brain, so kids are more attentive when you say things musically (Corded). Lastly, music can help improve the moods of children who are ill (Neuron). These benefits may not be obvious to many parents, but the effects of USIA on any adult are obvious.Think about how music affects you 0 how an upbeat are no different. Lullabies have a proven track record for soothing any infant Robed). Every night, before I lay my I-year-old son down to sleep, I sing to him the same two songs. He has learned that these are the songs I sing before bedtime. Not only does this help him to relax, it helps us to bond as mother and son. In my opinion, it is clear that music is extremely beneficial to children of all ages. That is Nay parents should do their best to make music part of their childs life. There are many ways to do this. For example, make the stereo or a musical instrument the most important fixture in the house, instead of the television. Play music at bedtime. Sing to your baby. Let your child make his own music (Robed). As Don Campbell says, From the beginning, you can make use of happy nursery songs, rhythmic rocking, lively dances bounced on the knee, and quiet sessions with soft melodies (Nelson). The bottom line is this, music should be used less to create baby barbarian than simply to enrich infants lives (Nelson). It should be about having fun ND exposing your child to new sounds and rhythms (Robed).

Self Regulated Learning Essay Example

Self Regulated Learning Essay Example Self Regulated Learning Essay Self Regulated Learning Essay Learning Self-regulated learning can be defined as The process in which [a] student is cognitively, motivationally, and behaviorally active in his or her learning. (Zimmerman and Martinez-pond). While this concept is relatively new, many students have embraced it over the last few decades resulting in their success. I am one of those many students that embrace this concept; some aspects stronger than the others. Planning and organizing not only play a major role in my life as a student, but in my life in general. Though I often lack the confidence to ask questions hat provide a more thorough understanding of what I am trying to learn, the one aspect of my learning I can control is my learning environment. Being a non- traditional student with a full time Job can be as hard as a rock. It means I must plan and organize every moment of my day. When I have places to be, for example class, I calculate driving times and when I will be there. This planning measure provides me with a better perspective of what I will be able to accomplish before having to leave work. Along with scheduling, budgeting is another very Important priority. I calculate the cost of everything down to the last dollar. Being a college student, I have to continuously recalculate my budgets. For example, after completing my core requirements at Northeast State, I will be transferring to TEST to finish up my bachelors degree. When looking at the tuition and fees of TEST, according to the 2009-2010 TEST student handbook, a student could expect to pay $189 per [credit] hour not Including fees (undergraduate fees). In comparison, a student attending in the fall of 2014, they can expect to pay $263 per [credit] hour not including fees (undergraduate fees). That Is almost a 40% tuition Increase, which Is a cough pill to swallow. By arming myself with this knowledge I can plan and expect to Incur higher tuition fees by the time I transfer to finish my degree. I know It wont be as cheap as dirt, so I must plan to save where I can. By being as organized as a filing cabinet, I have the ability to plan the things I need to accomplish and organize my time and material so I can accomplish many things on time and correctly to work In the most efficient manner possible. When I was younger and In grade school Just Like In todays society kids were very mean. I wasnt a bad student or a slow reader, UT I had distinctive features, such as being as tall as a giraffe. Because I was taller than the majority of my classmates: I stood out. I was for many unkind comments. Because of that my confidence suffered. I do not Like to stand out for the fear of being Judged or degraded. It makes me as nervous as a cat In a room full of rocking chairs. Because of this lack of confidence my education sometimes suffers. If I dont understand the material or the concept being covered In class, I have a tendency to apply my own Interpretation versus asking the Instructor, which will not help me to master the material I desire to. One thing wealth my control Is my learning environment. Depending on what I am working on and what I need to accomplish, will determine what kind of learning environment I would require. If given an essay to complete, Just about anywhere can be my learning environment: If I am In my quiet environment, so I can concentrate and really hear what I am saying. When it comes to studying, I must have a somewhat quiet environment, not necessarily as quiet as a church mouse, Just somewhat quiet. While at home I have a designated study area where my husband knows if I am in there it is a do not disturb time. I have also found that very light and quiet classical music can help me to absorb the information I am reading. Just as every student is different, so are his or her their learning methods. I know for myself that planning and organizing helps me to see what needs and must be accomplished. I may not be comfortable enough to ask questions to better understand something I am trying to learn; I can however control my learning environment and the distractions that interfere. By practicing and using all the elements of self-regulated learning, I am confident I will be successful in my education.

Differences Between Probability and Statistics

Differences Between Probability and Statistics Probability and statistics are two closely related mathematical subjects. Both use much of the same terminology and there are many points of contact between the two. It is very common to see no distinction between probability concepts and statistical concepts. Many times material from both of these subjects gets lumped under the heading â€Å"probability and statistics,† with no attempt to separate what topics are from which discipline. Despite these practices and the common ground of the subjects, they are distinct. What is the difference between probability and statistics? What Is Known The main difference between probability and statistics has to do with knowledge. By this, we refer to what are the known facts when we approach a problem. Inherent in both probability and statistics is a population, consisting of every individual we are interested in studying, and a sample, consisting of the individuals that are selected from the population. A problem in probability would start with us knowing everything about the composition of a population, and then would ask, â€Å"What is the likelihood that a selection, or sample, from the population, has certain characteristics?† Example We can see the difference between probability and statistics by thinking about a drawer of socks. Perhaps we have a drawer with 100 socks. Depending upon our knowledge of the socks, we could have either a statistics problem or a probability problem. If we know that there are 30 red socks, 20 blue socks, and 50 black socks, then we can use probability to answer questions about the makeup of a random sample of these socks. Questions of this type would be: â€Å"What is the probability that we draw two blue socks and two red socks from the drawer?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What is the probability that we pull out 3 socks and have a matching pair?†Ã¢â‚¬ What is the probability that we draw five socks, with replacement, and they are all black?† If instead, we have no knowledge about the types of socks in the drawer, then we enter into the realm of statistics. Statistics help us to infer properties about the population on the basis of a random sample. Questions that are statistical in nature would be: A random sampling of ten socks from the drawer produced one blue sock, four red socks, and five black socks. What is the total proportion of black, blue and red socks in the drawer?We randomly sample ten socks from the drawer, write down the number of black socks, and then return the socks to the drawer. This process is done five times. The mean number of socks is for each of these trials is 7. What is the true number of black socks in the drawer? Commonality Of course, probability and statistics do have much in common. This is because statistics are built upon the foundation of probability. Although we typically do not have complete information about a population, we can use theorems and results from probability to arrive at statistical results. These results inform us about the population. Underlying all of this is the assumption that we are dealing with random processes. This is why we stressed that the sampling procedure we used with the sock drawer was random. If we do not have a random sample, then we are no longer building upon assumptions that are present in probability. Probability and statistics are closely linked, but there are differences. If you need to know what methods are appropriate, just ask yourself what it is that you know.

Agency Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Agency Analysis - Research Paper Example On production of a guideline concluding that back pain operation was potentially harmful and unnecessary, a lobbying campaign backed by Congressmen with back surgeries had the name of the policy changed and would later pull down the program’s guidelines. The mission of AHRQ is conducting and supporting studies of effectiveness and outcomes of therapeutic, preventive and diagnostic health care procedures and services (Shi & Singh,2012). For over 4 decades, the federal government has been funding research in health services so as to recognize how to enhance the value and quality of health care together with delivery of public health. The AHRQ was established by Congress so as the singular research agency having the sole objective of coming up with evidence of making health care more equitable, accessible, safer, affordable, is of high quality and ensuring that the evidence is well understood and utilized well. This means that AHRQ is tasked with funding health care enhancement and health services research programs particularly in medical centers, universities, research institutions as well as medical practices aimed at transforming people’s health care and health in various communities in each state. For the past 15 years AHRQ has a long and rich history of offering critical evidence of enhancing health care and health. One of the key achievements of AHRQ is the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) which b asically is the singular source of domestic information on costs and utilization of medical care services. Nevertheless, MEPS has been utilized in counting and measuring the uninsured and insured, their service costs, characteristics and use. Basically, no other dataset exists like it. Indeed, if every key health policy is examined from 1977, MEPS has been effectively employed to predict and model effects. Research from AHRQ has, for instance, been used in Virginia by Health and Human Resources in 1992-2002 particularly for its Medicaid program